 |
 Rosenthal EMINENCE COBALT BLUE Tureen with Lid 532569  US $691.95
|
 Rosenthal EMINENCE 12 Deep Platter 8635254 US $381.95
|
 Rosenthal EMINENCE COBALT BLUE 15 Oval Serving Platter US $381.95
|
 Rosenthal EMINENCE COBALT BLUE 5 Cup Coffee Pot 6613830 US $341.95
|
 Rosenthal EMINENCE COBALT BLUE Oval Vegetable Bowl US $279.95
|
 Rosenthal EMINENCE COBALT BLUE Gravy Boat 6655086 US $239.95
|
| Powered by phpBay Pro |
Origin of the word "murderers"
Nizari Ismailis were designated with a misnomer, the murderers of medieval Europe. This is a term abuse that has been widely accepted by the Crusaders and Western reporters, who had first come into contact with the Syrian Ismailis in the Middle East for the first decades of the 12th century. Charles E. Nowell writes in The Old Man of the Mountain, "In the early years of the twelfth century, as Christians to spread their conquests in the Holy Land and Syria, he met the Ismailis. Many historians had something to say about the sect, and what gave was usually a mix of information and misinformation "(cf. Speculum, 12:4, 1947, p. 503).
The Ismailis were a band of terrorists, but their struggle against their oppressors was a struggle for survival. Medieval Europeans, who remained absolutely ignorant of Muslim beliefs and practices, had transmitted a series of stories, and produces an image perverted the Ismailis. Dussaud René writes in Histoire et des Nosair Religion (Paris, 1900), "One of the few Europeans who have appreciated the good points of this remarkable sect and is of the opinion that the sentences pronounced by western scholars are characterized by an excessive severity. It is certainly a mistake to confuse as Muslim physicians in a common condemnation. And the Old Man of the Mountain himself was not so black as he is wont to paint. "In more recent times, also, many Western scholars have continued to pursue the murderers term ill-conceived to Nizari Ismailis without being aware of its etymology or dubious origin. Paul E. Walker ago comments in Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani: Intellectual Missionary (London, 1996, p. 1) that, "Until recently, however, the Ismailis were studied and judged almost exclusively based on evidence collected or fabricated by their enemies, including most of the medieval heresiographers Sunni polemicists who were hostile to the Shias in general and of Ismailis among them in particular. These Sunni authors in fact treated Shia interpretations of Islam as expressions of heterodoxy or even heresy. As a result, a "black legend 'has gradually developed and put into circulation in the Muslim world to discredit the Ismailis and their interpretations of Islam. The Crusaders Christian and Western reporters who remained almost completely ignorant of Islam and its internal divisions, disseminating its own myths of the Ismailis, who became accepted in the West as true descriptions of Ismaili teachings and practices. modern Orientalists, the Ismailis have also studied the basis for hostile sources Sunni and Western fantasy stories of medieval times. Therefore, the legends and misconceptions have continued to surround the Ismailis during the twentieth century. "
Benjamin of Tudela, the 12th-century Spanish rabbi, who was the first European traveler to approach the borders of China (between 1159 and 1173). He is one of the first Europeans to have written about the Ismailis. He visited Syria in 562/1167, and is described in his book The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela (tr. by Marcus N. Adler, London, 1907), the Ishmaelites Syria under the terms of Hashishin. existing description below is in a diplomatic report 570/1175 of Burchard, an emissary sent to Egypt and Syria for the emperor Frederick I Barbarossa Roman (1152-1190), which has used the word Heyssessini (in Rome, segnors of Montana) for the Ismailis of Syria. William (1130-1185), Archbishop of Tyre is the first historian of the Crusades, which describes the Ismailis of Syria in 581/1186 with the name Assissini in his History of deeds done Beyond the Sea (tr. by Babcock and Krey, New York, 1943, 2:390), but also admits he knows the origin of this name, not by the states means that it was unknown to the Muslims. The German historian Arnold of Lubeck (d. 610/1212) used for the Ismailis of Syria Heissessin the term in its chronic Slavorum (1869, 21:240). Jacques de Vitry, bishop of Acre (1216 to 1228), was perhaps the Western observer, better informed of the affairs of the Muslims after William of Tyre. He produced his Secret Societies of the Middle Ages (London, 1846), where he applied the term Assasini the Syrian Ismailis. Rubruck William (1215-1295), who had finished their tour of China in 653/1255, seems to have been among the first Europeans to have designated the Iranian Ismailis as Axasins and Hacsasins, hitherto used only for the Syrian Ismailis. The eminent French historian, Jean de Joinville (1224-1317) was a most valuable Histoire de Saint Louis, (ed. 1305) relates the ambassadors Syrian Ismailis, who had come to see King Louis IX (from 1226 to 1270) in Acre. Concerns the Joinville Assacis deadline for the Ismailis. Marco Polo (1254-1324) also used the word Ashishin in his travelogue.
Murderers different etymologies of the modern word occurring in Western sources as Accini, Arsasini, Assassi, Assassini, Assessini, Assessini, Assissini, Heyssessini etc. Thomas Hyde Veterum Persasrum Religionis History (Oxford, 1700, p. 493) believes that the word murderer should be the Hassan word, derived from the root Hassa, ie, to kill or exterminate. This view was followed by Menage and Falconet. Volney also adopted this etymology in his Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte (1:404), without citing any evidence. Historian Abul Fida (d. 732/1331) writes that Masiyaf, a city that was the headquarters of the Syrian Ismailis, is situated on a hill called Jabal Assikkin (Jabal al-Sikkin). The word Sikkin means knife or dagger, and the name of this mountain can mean so, the mountain of the knife. This seems to be an analogy of the currency of the Western above, reflecting the viewpoint of Falconet Memoirs de l'Academie des Inscriptions (17:163), who called her, montagne du Poigard (mountain of the dagger). Silvestre de Sacy (1758-1838) however, suggests that sekkin in this case is the name of a man, we must translate Sekkin Mountain (la montagne Sekkin). Acre Michel Sabbagh suggests the source of al-Sisani. Instead of al-Sisani, the word used is al-Sasanian means that the family of Sasan. This term is used by the Arabs to indicate an adventurer. Assemani Simon (1752-1821), professor of Oriental languages at Padua, used the word Assissana in Letteratura Giornale dell 'Italiana (1806, pp 241-262), and according to him, is a corrupt form of Assissani assissath related to the Arabic word (al-armhole), which means rock or fortress, and as such, Assissani (Sisani al-) refers to one who lives in a rocky fortress.
During the ages 17 and 18, the name of the murderer received much attention from Western scholars, which released a flood of theories explaining its origin and meaning. The mystery was finally seems to have resolved by Silvestre de Sacy, who discovered that the word murderer was Hashishiyya, ie, users of hashish.
The Muslims, having exhausted all their resources of condemnation, now restored to designate the Syrian Ismailis different religious terms, as Batiniyya and Talimiyya. The Ismailis were also marks Malaha (or mulhidun) for their sworn enemies. Very Less often, the Ismailis of Syria were called by another term abuse, such as Hashishiyya, ie, users of hashish. It seems that the oppressors had frustrated in their attempt to remove the Ismailis and finally made one last strike passionate about them.
The first application was reported to the term Hashishiyya Ismailis are produced in the anti-Ismaili polemical epistle issued in 517/1123 by the then regime Fatimid Cairo in the name of the Caliph al-Amir (d. 524/1130) Sawa'iqa Iqa entitled al-irgham. This letter contains the Hashishiyya deadline for the Syrian Ismailis Nizari twice, see pages 27 and 32. Should know that case well Qiyamah known held in Alamut in 559/1164 became the main tool of the enemies of the Ismailis to discredit them. Orthodox Muslims fought a bitter propaganda, and delivered all of the terms frequently abusive to them. The dead time Hashishiyya again was given a life, and came to be used almost the first time Seljuq literature. The first is known chronic Nusratu'l Seljuq wa fatrah Usratu'l fatrah (comp. 578/1183) by Muhammad al-Katib Imadudin Ispahani (d. 597/1201) that now exists only in an abridged version compiled by Fateh Ali bin Muhammad al-Bundari in 623/1226, entitled Zubdatu'n Nasrah wa Nakhbatu'l Usrah (pp. 169, 195). Imadudin begins his chronicle of 485/1092, and not put the work in its final form until 578/1183 when he had been in Syria for 15 years. It seems writer Seljuq first to have used the term, Hashishiyya of Syrian Ismailis. Muyassar Ibn (d. 677/1278) simply states in his Tarikh-i Misr (p. 102) in Syria, Ismailis are called Hashishiyya in Alamut and are known as Batiniyya and Malaha in Khorasan as Talimiyya. Abu Shama (d. 665/1267) also used for the Ismailis Hashishiyya Syria in his Kitab al-Akhbar al-fi Rawdatayn Dawlatayn (1:240 and 258). Ibn Khaldun (d. 808/1406), written after the 13 th century, mentions Muqaddima (1:143) that the Ismailis Syria, once named as al-al-Ismailiyya Hashishiyya were known at the time as the Fidawiyya. This all sounds from existing sources that the term applies commonly Hashishiyya of Syrian Ismailis between the ages 11 and 12 Muslims, and was no longer used since the 13th century.
It should be noted however that Juvaini and Rashiduddin do not use the term Hashishiyya of Ismailis of Iran, since the term was common during his stay in Iran. W. Madelung however, has discovered recently in Arabic on the History of the Imams of Tabaristan Zaydi, Daylam and Gilan (Beirut, 1987, pp 146 and 329) that the Ismailis of Iran were also appointed in some contemporary Hashishiyya Zaidi sources compiled in the Arabic language in the Caspian region during the first half of the 13. Zaidi Shiites were The closest rivals of the Ismailis in northern Iran and prolonged military confrontation with them in the Caspian region, has launched his own campaign against Ismaili literature. This tends to show that these Arab sources had spoken to Iranian Ismailis under the wrong name common in the region of the Ismailis Syria.
Hashish or hashish is the Arabic word for hemp, cannabis sativa is Latinized. Their variety is Indian hemp, or cannabis indica, have been known and used in the Near East since ancient times as a drug with intoxicating effects. The first explicit mention of the word hashish contained in the in-Tadhkirah fi'l Khilafa by Abu Ishaq ash-Shirazi (d. 476/1083). The use of hashish grown in Syria, Egypt and other Muslim countries in the ages 12 and 13 between the lower strata society. Numerous sections were compiled by Muslim authors, describing the use of hashish effect on the morale of the users and religion. Consequently, hashish users qualified for a situation of social and moral inferiority, similar to that of a mulher, or heretic in religion. Neither the Ismailis of Syria, nor the contemporary texts not Ismaili Muslims, who were strict to the Ishmaelites, attest to the increasing use of cannabis among Nizari Ismailis.
Hashish, a narcotic drug was a common practice in the orbits Sufis in Damascus since the 11th century, and were subjected to hatred of theologians. Franz Rosenthal writes in the grass, hashish front of the medieval Muslim society (Leiden, 1971, p. 53) that "The use of hashish by Sufi brotherhoods and their presumably large role in the spread of cannabis consumption can be accepted as a fact in the light of all the evidence points in this direction later. "The initiates were called Sufis Hashishiyya, and is commonly known among al-Fuqara hashish (grass fakirs). Among them, the other titles of hashish were "food digester" (Hadima al-aqwat), "stirrer of thought" (baithat al-Fikr), "the queen of madness" (al-junun Sultanat), "green" (al-Akhdar), " daughter of cannabis "(al-qunbus ibnat), etc.
Nuruddin Ali bin al-Jazzar Al Qam writes in his Dhamma Washin fi al-barrashin (comp. before 991/1583) that cursed hashish "Originated by a group around the five hundred" (ahdathaha ba'd mi'ah fi'ah fi al-Qarn nahw Khams). According to Franz Rosenthal, "The word fi'ah (group) is used here for the sake of rhyme and therefore may very well mean Sufis, rather than sectarian or soldiers." (Ibid. pp 53-4) Therefore, it seems possible that the hashish had been found wandering around 500/1106 by the Sufis, who qualified mulher title, or heretic religion, and the term Hashishiyya became a common abuse in society. Az-Zarkashi (745-794/1344-1392) Zahr al-Arish in ahkam fi al-hashish and al-Ukbari (m. 690/1291) and in the Kitab-Sawanih however, write that it was believed that a Sufi Shaikh Hyder (M. 618/1221), the founder of the Sufi Order Hyderi discovered hashish in Nishabur province around the year 550 / 1155. This version seems almost imponderable. Franz Rosenthal writes in this context that, "The use of the drug became common among the followers of Haydar years after his death. Therefore, the Khurasanians credited with introducing the medication that was completely innocent Others it. "(Ibid. p. 45) is also connected to the introduction of hashish with a Sufi Ahmad as-Sawaja. In sum, hashish seems to have been discovered by Sufis around 500/1106, but his propaganda for the use and the special way of preparing its use was introduced by the followers of Sheikh Hyder after his death. The poet Turkish Fizuli (885-963/1480-1556) writes in his poem, Layla Megnun (p. 167) that "The hash can boast of being the friend of the dervishes and is available in the corner of every mosque and among all kinds of specialists. "Hashish also enjoyed particular favor of Sufi poems, such as Ibn Kathir (13:314) cites the following verses: -
The hash contains the meaning of my desire.
Oh, people of intelligence and understanding.
They have declared forbidden without any justification on the basis of reason and tradition.
Declaring forbidden what is forbidden is forbidden.
Al-Badri quote a poem of a certain Makki bin Muhammad bin Ali bin al-Hussein al-Mashhadi, which reads: -
The use of hashish is banned by all those silly, weak minded, insensitive,
For censorship from stupid and envious individuals.
Share hashish with a young beautiful.
In preserving friendship and dating.
It is not a relaxation of the mind? So enjoy
No, everything wise men!
Note: To read the article full, please follow the link on the author resource box.
About the Author
Mumtaz Ali Tajddin S. Ali is an popular Ismaili Scholar, He has written many books on Religious Practices and Pillars, tradition and culture of Islam and Ismailism, Origin Of The Word “Assassins” is an article taken from Encyclopedia of Ismailism.
|
|
Rosenthal EMINENCE COBALT BLUE Tureen with Lid 532569 US $691.95
|
Rosenthal EMINENCE 12 Deep Platter 8635254 US $381.95
|
Rosenthal EMINENCE COBALT BLUE 15 Oval Serving Platter US $381.95
|
|
Rosenthal EMINENCE COBALT BLUE 5 Cup Coffee Pot 6613830 US $341.95
|
Rosenthal EMINENCE COBALT BLUE Oval Vegetable Bowl US $279.95
|
Rosenthal EMINENCE COBALT BLUE Gravy Boat 6655086 US $239.95
|
 Rosenthal Eminence Cobalt Coffee Pot US $259.00
|
 Rosenthal EMINENCE COBALT BLUE Platter 11 1 8 7876549 US $199.95
|
 ROSENTHAL china EMINENCE cobalt blue RND VEGETABLE BOWL US $187.46
|
 Rosenthal EMINENCE COBALT BLUE Dinner Plate 4000452 US $147.95
|
 ROSENTHAL china EMINENCE Cobalt 255107 SUGAR BOWL US $134.95
|
 Rosenthal EMINENCE COBALT BLUE Rimmed Soup Bowl 532567 US $127.95
|
 ROSENTHAL china EMINENCE Cobalt 255107 CREAMER jug US $124.95
|
 Rosenthal EMINENCE COBALT Cream Soup Saucer 25 Off US $120.95
|
 ROSENTHAL EMINENCE COBALT BLUE GOLD CREAMER SUGAR BOWL US $119.00
|
 ROSENTHAL china EMINENCE Cobalt 255107 PEPPER SHAKER US $99.95
|
 Rosenthal Eminence Cobalt Dinner Plate US $87.00 |
 Rosenthal EMINENCE COBALT BLUE Cup Saucer 6595377 US $74.95
|
 Rosenthal EMINENCE Cup Saucer Cobalt with Gold Band US $69.99
|
 Rosenthal EMINENCE COBALT BLUE Salad Plate 532533 US $60.95
|
 Rosenthal EMINENCE COBALT Cup Saucer Set GREAT CONDITION US $58.88
|
 Rosenthal Eminence Cobalt Sugar Bowl without lid US $50.00 |
 Rosenthal EMINENCE COBALT BLUE Bread Plate 532535 US $44.99
|
 12 Rosenthal Cobalt Eminence Bread Butter Plate US $15.50
|
| Powered by phpBay Pro |