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MADE IN JAPAN
Made Japan
What did the U.S do, that made Japan want to attack them (pearl harbor)?
The U.S had to have done something prior to Pearl Harbor, which provoked Japan in a way for them to want to attack the U.S. Can anyone explain the history between the two countries leading up to the attack on Pearl Harbor? Thanks--
~FDR wanted to get the US into the war in Europe, but he knew the American people and Congress would not give him his desired declaration of war. In spite of all of the US violations of neutrality, up to and including his announcement during his Fireside Chat of 9/11/40 that he had ordered US Navy ships to fire on German warships, without provocation, whenever they were spotted in "US defensive waters" (which he describe as the entire Atlantic Ocean, especially from US ports, along the Canadian coast, past Greenland and Iceland to the beaches of the British Isles, and that he was ordering the transfer of several ships from the Pacific Fleet to the Atlantic Fleet to engage in hunter-killer missions he called "neutrality patrols", Hitler did not declare war on the US.
It was generally agreed amongst FDR and his advisers that if Japan could be provoked into attacking the US, that the inevitable war that would follow would be expanded to include US involvement in Europe as well. The McCollum Memorandum is but one document produced to lay out the means by which an attack could be provoked.
Specific provocations were numerous. There were repeated violations of treaties that limited the size of fleets and ships and their deployment. Roosevelt ordered the beefing up of bases within the Japanese sphere of influence and astride vital Japanese military and commercial sea lanes, like Clark Field and Subic Bay and elsewhere in the Philippines, on Guam, Wake and Midway, on Taiwan in at Pearl Harbor. He created an entire new army, the USAFFE, stationed it in the Philippines and brought Douglas MacArthur out of retirement to lead it, then he established the USAAFE and stationed the largest collection of US warplanes outside the US in the Philippines. The same day he created USAFFE, he ordered the seizure of all Japanese assets in the US. Despite claims of neutrality in the Second Sino-Japanese war, FDR had clearly chosen sides and sent all manner of aid to the Chinese to aid them in the war with Japan.
After France fell, Vichy France took over administration of Indochina. Vichy France became part of the Axis alliance. Japan was increasingly worried about overt US intervention in China and wanted a base of operations from which to prosecute the war in China and Korea that was farther removed from the reach of US ships and bombers and the Vichy government allowed them to use Indochina for that purpose. FDR sent aid to Ho Chi Minh and the Vietminh and promised the US would help them in their struggle for independence (Roosevelt would later double-cross Ho and the Vietminh at Tehran and Truman and Eisenhower would compound the treachery in 1945, 1946, 1952 and 1954 and the seeds of the Vietnam War were solidly sown, but our substantial aid to Ho and the Vietminh in 1940/41 was one of the many factors that caused the Tojo Cabinet to believe the only option was to launch Kido Butai).
In 1940, FDR ordered that the Pacific Fleet be transferred from San Diego to Pearl. Adm James Otto Richardson was CinCPac at the time. He protested the order, claiming that the move was an unnecessary provocation, likely to induce an attack and that the fleet could not be protected or defended at Pearl. He twice disobeyed his orders before transferring the fleet, but even after the move, he persisted in his objections and warnings. The post of CinCPac was offered to Adm Chester Nimitz. Nimitz refused the promotion because he, too, believed that stationing the fleet at Pearl was apt to provoke and attack, he knew the ships would be a sitting duck for a surprise carrier launched air attack (the likely manner in which an attack would come, and everyone knew that Japan had begun rehearsing such an attack - both from code intercepts and from on the scene US witnesses who made reports of the activity through State Department channels as early as January, 1940) and Nimitz knew that whoever was in charge would be the scapegoat and take the fall for FDR's stupidity. Adm Husband Kimmel took the job, but he echoed Richardson's and Nimitz's objections and warnings. When the attack came, Kimmel was blamed and relieved. Then Nimitz took the post, when he could actually do some good, and after rebuilding the fleet, designed the strategy that won the naval war.
Japan has never been able to feed her people or fuel her industry with the scant resources found on the home islands. Since Matthew Perry and the Black Ships, US policy had been to do its utmost to prevent Japan from expanding or becoming a vital military or economic power. By the time Japan got around to empire building, the Western nations (including the US, UK, France and the Netherlands particularly) had already grabbed the good places and Japan had nowhere to turn, without falling afoul of the Occidental powers, but China, Manchuria and Korea. When Japan turned her eyes on Asia, the Western world was terrified of the "Yellow Peril" and imposed embargoes of vital resources like rubber, oil and steal. As the tension mounted, the embargoes were extended and expanded.
Diplomacy wasn't working and the Tojo Cabinet decided that if a diplomatic solution wasn't reached by early October, a military solution would be pursued. When informed of the shift in policy in the Cabinet, Emperor Showa was incensed. He took the remarkable step of personally addressing the Cabinet to express his displeasure (the Japanese Emperor was little more than a figurehead and no emperor had ever personally addressed the Cabinet before Showa did). The had already been assassination plots against Showa, and Tojo was not to be discouraged. By various means, fair and foul, Tojo "persuaded" Showa to give tacit approval to a military solution, if and only if diplomacy failed. Showa had no power to stop (or start) a war or and invasion, but his rubberstamp approval was desirable and eventually, Tojo got it. The final straw was the Hull Note of November 26, 1941. The message made it absolutely clear that the US had any intention of finding a diplomatic solution on terms anywhere remotely acceptable to Japan and acceptance of US terms would have been suicidal to Japan's goal to become a leader in the modern industrial and economic world and Japan had been relegated to the ranks of second-rate wannbe nations by the West for too long already, as far as the Japanese were concerned. Sailing orders were issued and Kido Butai was underway.
Tojo and Yamamoto knew they couldn't win a war against the US if the US industrial base was mobilized against them. They had no intention of invading the US and hoped that by taking out the fleet at Pearl (and the other US and British bases that were struck on December 7, 1941 - Pearl Harbor was not the only target that was hit by any means), that the US would be forced to the peace table, would curtail the ever-increasing provocations, would return Japanese assets and would lift, or at least ease, the embargoes. At best, they hoped to buy the six to twelve months they believed were necessary to secured the rubber and oil of Malaysia. Had Genda been allowed to launch the third wave at the sub pens, dry docks, maintenance yards and oil storage facilities, had Nagumo been authorized to take out Midway on the way home and/or had the carriers been in port (Enterprise especially, as she should have been, but Enterprise had been delayed by weather but was close enough that she launched planes to participate in the battle on the 7th), the plan may have worked.
The attack was not a surprise, except, perhaps, as to the actual time; it will probably never be known with certainty whether or not FDR knew Kido Butai was en route before the attack. It was certainly not unprovoked. In hindsight, US policy obviously gave the Japanese no viable alternative. If, as the compelling circumstantial evidence seems to imply, provoking the attack was FDR's design, then US strategy worked remarkably well. In any case, on December 11, 1941, Hitler declared war on the US (he was not required to do so under the Tripartite Pact, which was a mutual defense treaty and applicable only if a signatory nation was attacked) and later that afternoon Congress declared war on Germany. FDR finally had the war in Europe that he wanted. (Of course, in the Pacific US troops and especially sailors saw action almost immediately but the the first ground force to come under fire in the European Theater wouldn't see action until almost a year later, in North Africa during Operation Torch in November 1942 and by then, the Red Army had pretty much determined the outcome of the war in Europe).
Pato Fu - Made In Japan
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